While people concern themselves with shoes and clothes, the latest gossip about their favorite celebrities, their crushes, philosophers concern themselves with big issues pertaining to the truth, , the good, the just, the beautiful, and the existence of practically all things. While scientists concern themselves with scientific knowledge, historians with knowledge of the past, economists with knowledge of supply and demand, philosophers concern themselves with the nature of knowledge as such which embraces all types of knowledge previously mentioned and more.
Second philosophy is all about fundamentals. A fundamental is the root cause that explains almost everything in a given context. To understand this imagine that knowledge is like a building with levels.
Now the higher level depends on the lower levels Peikoff, If somehow the lower level crumbles then all the higher levels that rest upon it will collapse.
A fundamental is like the lower floor that supports everything above it. That kind of support is exactly what philosophy provides. If somehow philosophical ideas like consciousness and existence disappear then knowledge of any kind will not make any sense because there will be nothing to know existence and no one to know consciousness.
Third philosophy is driven by the desire to integrate things in to a one coherent whole. He desires to find the One in the many. Each branch will focus on a specific area of philosophy. To understand the branches of philosophy let us return to the three central philosophical questions we explored earlier. First the question, Where am I? By the time we reached adulthood we believe we know the answer to this question.
Where am I? But if you ask a series of where questions Where is Manila? Where is the Philippines? And here we have to stop asking the where question Where is the universe is an absurd question. The universe does not exist in a place. What kind of place is the universe? Is it governed by laws? If so what laws? The study of the universe as a whole is the province of metaphysics. Metaphysics is further subdivided into ontology which studies existence as such and philosophical anthropology which deals with the fundamental and essential characteristics of human nature Gotthelf and Salmieri, How do we obtain knowledge?
Do we obtain knowledge by revelation, intuition, instinct or reason? Can we achieve certainty or are we doomed to suffer perpetual doubt? Is knowledge based on the things we perceive or from something else? The first two branches of philosophy, metaphysics and epistemology, are called cognitive branches. These branches provide a description of being existence and knowing. They are the foundations of understanding any philosophical system. The next three branches of philosophy ethics, politics and aesthetics can be classified as the normative branches of philosophy because they are concerned with the standard of the good.
The most basic normative branch of philosophy is ethics or morality I used this two concepts interchangeably. It is concerned with the last of the three questions central to philosophy: What should I do? Ethics can be regarded as the technology of philosophy I owe this analogy to the philosopher Ayn Rand because it tells us how human beings ought to function as a human being.
But in order to describe how human beings ought to act we must first know what a human being is. These last is provided by metaphysics and epistemology.
This is especially true of philosophical anthropology a sub-branch of metaphysics which studies the metaphysical nature of man see discussion above. Metaphysics and epistemology are the foundations of ethics. What then is ethics or morality? The last two normative branches of philosophy, politics and aesthetics, are derived from ethics. Ethics is concerned with the good for human being as a human being. If we apply ethics in a social context then it becomes politics.
The concern therefore of ethics is broader than politics. An individual who is alone in an island still has to follow ethical principles if he wishes to survive Peikoff, So what then is politics? Since knowledge about human being is provided by the cognitive branches of philosophy, the foundation of politics ultimately rests on metaphysics and epistemology.
The last of the normative branch, aesthetics studies the nature of art. It is concerned with the nature and the objective judgement of beauty. Philosophical Tools and Processes Philosophy as a science is also a systematized body of knowledge but unlike other sciences which employs observation and experimentation to prove their theories, philosophy uses reason to arrive at a certain knowledge or truth.
At the onset Greek philosophers gave us a hint on how to use our intellect to understand realities around us. The tools that they frequently utilized are the following: 1. Philosophical Questions. Philosophy was born because of ignorance. If one is ignorant, he asks questions and if he keeps on questioning the more knowledge he acquires. Once a person stops questioning, he cease to become a philosopher.
In our daily struggles, one needs to ask questions simple, serious and deep questions that we have to grapple with. A philosopher is like a child who has an inquisitive mind who never stops asking questions and finding answers. SOCRATES Socrates went further not just asking questions for himself but poses questions to people which is the beginning of series of questions and responses from participants.
Now he asserts that I do injustice by corrupting the young. But I, men of Athens, assert that Meletus does injustice, in that he jest in a serious matter, easily bringing human beings into trial, pretending to be serious and concerned about things for which he never cared at all.
That this is so, I will try to display to you as well. Now come here, Meletus, tell; do you not regard it as most important how the youth will be the best possible? The Socratic Method, also known as method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate, is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions. According to Kant, however, the ancient Greeks used the word "dialectic" to signify the logic of false appearance or semblance.
Dialectics is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides.
As a dialectical method, it is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments. Logical Reasoning. In philosophy reasoning is the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgement.
Philosophy is about answering questions. Reasoning is the method we use in doing philosophy. However, although it is necessary for any competent engagement with philosophy, it is not the end all and be all of philosophy. All branches of philosophy employ reasoning in explaining their arguments.
For example the concept of right or wrong which is the domain of Ethics based their arguments in human reason alone in contrast with theology which is dependent from the Bible as the source of its moral teachings.
Reasoning however is the domain of one branch of philosophy which is Epistemology. One type of logical reasoning is the deductive reasoning: Example: Premise 1: All human beings are mortal Premise 2: But the President of the Philippines is a human being Conclusion: Therefore, the President of the Philippines is mortal.
Here we are taught to arrive at a certain truth or knowledge in a logical process. In contrast, Inductive reasoning begins with a particular to universal argument.
Conclusion: Therefore, All students are wearing ID The above examples show the logical process wherein by reasoning one arrives at a certain truth or knowledge.
Logic starts with the origin of ideas, terms, propositions or premises, syllogism, etc. These terms are the basic structure of argument. Unfortunately, this branch of philosophy is equivalent to one-subject requirement in any course in the tertiary level. In our case, we changed our competencies and emphasized the most essential ones. This is the essence of philosophy. It tries to separate the essences of things versus accidentals and necessary versus contingent.
It is concern of what is the substance and ultimate causes of things. When we venture into philosophizing we see the greater perspective of all things and see the ultimate purpose or reasons for our existence.
Most of us are so engross with individual trees and we miss the whole forest as the saying goes. We are always predispose to attend to the details of the problem rather than look at the situation as a whole.
This is true in our understanding of the objects, events, realities and situations around us. Reflection is the process that would aide in understanding the holistic point of view of what is going on around us.
Reflection is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience. Abella, Philosophers always search for the essence of things and the ultimate reasons for our existence. This process is called philosophical reflection.
According to Gabriel Marcel, philosophical reflection is the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life.
He mentioned two types, namely: Primary Reflection- which is the ability to think logically. The ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments. It examines its object by abstraction, by analytically breaking it down into its constituent parts. It is concerned with definitions, essences and technical solutions to problems. The second type is Secondary reflection.
According to Marcel this type of reflection enables us to look deeper into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality.
It integrates the fragmented and compartmentalized experience into a whole. Reflection is not exclusive for philosophy in fact it is employed in any endeavour, research or disciplines.
In research it is called methodological approach. Moral theology employs the STOP sign as guidepost of moral decision making. It is necessary that all means should be exhausted to better understand the issue. We should always consider others in every decision that we make.
Every action that we take has always a social dimension. It affects ourselves, others and community where we belong. We are human beings with limitations. If our best effort are not enough, then there is no way but look up for divine or God for enlightenment and guidance. Reason is also important in theology not just faith. Whether in philosophy, sociology or other sciences, reflection is very useful in understanding our daily experiences to broaden our perspective of life.
In order to reflect philosophically we need to use a framework. A framework is a conceptual map consisting of our views and beliefs which affects the way we view the world Abella The framework were going to used is called AQAL.
According to Wilber everything can be analysed using a vertical line. The left side represents the interior, subjective, aspect of everything.
The right side represents the exterior, objective, aspect of everything. It cannot be seen or measured but can be experienced directly. The exterior side of everything are the things that we can see, measure and touch. They include the physical objects around us including our own bodies.
You see the big smile so it is the exterior aspect of an event. This is the interior, subjective, aspect of the event. So you see two strands are interwoven behind any human event: the objective and the subjective, the interior and the exterior.
Another basic distinction was introduced by Ken Wilber using a horizontal line that divides space into above and below: Above the line represents what is singular, individual, one. The space below represents what is plural, collective, many. For example you are an individual but you belong in a family, community, class all instances of the collective. An interesting thing happen when we combine the two lines. We created what Wilber calls the quadrants.
We can use the simple location of each of the quadrant. So the interior of the individual is the upper left quadrant UL , the exterior of the individual is the upper right quadrant UR , the interior of the collective is the lower left quadrant LL and the exterior of the collective is the lower right quadrant LR. We can also use pronouns to label the quadrants as shown below: Quadrants expressed in language But what we are interested is when we apply this to human beings. The inside of the individual becomes the mind, the outside of the individual becomes the body, the inside of the collective becomes culture and the outside of the collective becomes society.
This is looking at an issue from an all quadrant, multiple and holistic perspective. How do we reflect on the issue using the AQAL framework? Well we know that poverty has a psychological aspect UL quadrant to it.
It affects the way we think, feel and even what we value. But it does not stop there. Poverty also affects bodies UR quadrant. It affects our nutrition, our medication and immune system.
Some children have stunted growth due to poverty. And who could deny that poverty also affects the culture such as arts, religion and even the way we dress. Religious feast such as the procession of the Black Nazarene is in part motivated by poverty.
And of course it is obvious that poverty has an economic, political and even technological components all parts of the social LR quadrant. Read the following passages for ten 10 minutes. Nakasuot-panlangoy na sila at sama-sama silang nakatayo sa tabi ng swimingpul. May notbuk at bolpen ang bawat isa. Nagsalita ang guro. Huwag matakot. Lulutang ka. Tapos, matutong gumalaw ng paa, matutong gumalaw ng kamay.
Matutong huminga. At paulit-ulit na pagsikapan at pagtiyagaan ang praksis. Oras nang magsimula. Lundagin mo beybe! Walang kabuluhan ang sulat-sulat niyo kung hindi ninyo ginagawa. Sulat pa rin sila nang sulat. Did you enjoy reading the quotations? If so, you might consider answering the following questions: a.
Why is the teacher so keen on making the learners jump in the swimming pool instead of just taking down notes on how to swim? Write the following terms on your paper: a day-to-day life, b reflection, and c application 4. In reference to question 3, do the following: a. Define what each term refers to. Share a belief narrative where they encountered the three moments in their own life.
Write your answers on the sheet of paper. Also it is the ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments A. Pythagoras B. Socrates D. It is considered as the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgement. Proposition D. In our daily lives we encounter events, situations or issues that we need to ponder and think deeply. This activity which requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience is related to the concept of: A.
Imagine that you are in Boracay walking with Thales. He is convincing you that the only reality is water. Would you believe in him? Download now. TXT For Later. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Jump to Page. Search inside document. Related Interests Nature. Evan Husada Sidrap. Drs Mulatua. Christian Eduard de Dios.
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